Critically consider the position of the 'reasonable person' in both Coursework

Critically consider the position of the 'reasonable person' in both the laws of contract and negligence. Uses cases and examples from both areas of laws to illustrate your answer - Coursework Example It will critically evaluate the concept and how it intersects with these branches of law. The study will review the concepts in light of examples and other aspects of judicial precedence. â€Å"The reasonable man [person] provides a legal standard against which a defendant’s culpability can be evaluated. If he is found to have behaved as a â€Å"reasonable† person would have under similar circumstances, he might be owed compensation rather than a punitive penalty.† (Donovan, 2013, p. 100). This means the concept of a reasonable person exists to provide a basic standard of a expectation that a person of a certain level of mental awareness should be able to foresee and deal with. This means that a reasonable person is deduced through an assessment of what an individual will have ideally considered in similar situations and contexts. The usage of the doctrine of reasonable person varies across different branches of law. It is utilised in criminal law and may be varied in setting the standard of care or standard of responsiveness based on the category of law that is being discussed. In the law of contract, the standard of a reasonable person is often invoked to examine the actions of a party in relation to a contract that is seen as an arms-length transaction or not. This is meant to ascertain if the contract was fair or not and hence, it provides guidance on how the law was put together and how the legal convention was utilised in dealing with people and in dealing with various processes that culminated in the formulation of the contract. A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two parties with an intention to create a legal relationship and it goes through the stages of offer, acceptance and mutual exchange of consideration (Hunt, 2014). A contract is voluntary and hence, each party must enter the contract willingly and without duress. Therefore, it can be stated that in cases where a person enters a

Review of Parrot in the Oven Essay Example for Free

Review of Parrot in the Oven Essay Parrot in the Oven: Mi Vida is a coming of age novel written in 1996, by Victor Martinez. The story is set in California and is told from the point-of-view of a fourteen year old, Mexican American boy. Manuel Hernandez, like many young men, struggles with identity. Manny’s life is hard. He has two older siblings and a baby sister. His mother does not work. His father is unemployed and an alcoholic. The main provider and only person in his house that can keep a steady job is his older sister. His older brother cannot hold a job long. As would be expected, Manny’s family lives in the projects. Project life brings its own problems. The Garcia boys live in Manny’s neighborhood. They constantly terrorize and beat him. Manny does not fight back. He realizes that he is outnumbered and too afraid to do anything. This could be one of the reasons Manny joins a boxing club in school, and later joins a gang. Family life is not much better for Manny. Throughout the story Manny deals with an alcoholic father and a borderline obsessive compulsive mother that have both become bitter and resentful. Manny’s brother is rarely home, but when he is he is often drunk. His older sister is resentful that she must carry the family. At one point in the story she gets pregnant and soon loses the baby. Chapter nine shines light on a key aspect of Manny’s character. As the title implies, Manny is naive. He lives in a predominantly Latino community where racial discrimination is non-existent. In this section of the book, Manny’s boss urges his daughter to invite Manny to her birthday party. She reluctantly agrees. Manny tells his brother, Nardo, about the party. Nardo and their sister try to explain to Manny that white people do not usually interact with Mexicans socially; he is most likely being used. Manny does not listen. He is in lust. Needless to say, the party ends badly. A terrible home life, hormones and identity issues lead Manny to gangs. He takes the beating, as a form of initiation, so that he can kiss a girl. He is not entirely sold on the gang culture but feels that he should hang out with the members. On his first run with Eddie, a gang member, he witnesses Eddie assault a woman and steal her purse. At that moment he recognizes that Eddie is the guy that knocked up his sister. Frozen in place, Manny realizes that gang-life is not for him. He goes home and watches his sisters sleep, knowing that although life at home is rough there is nowhere else he would rather be. Parrot in the Oven: Mi Vida exposes many aspects familiar to first- and second-generation Mexican American families. Many young minorities might be able to relate to Manny’s struggles. Even though the book deals with ugly issues like abuse, alcoholism, racism, teen pregnancy and gangs, the book also provides a space for discussion around identity, self-esteem and pride. I would definitely recommend this book to students.

Lifes a Beach, and then... Essay -- Descriptive Essay, Narrative

I turned off the car and took a deep breath. Looking slowly up into the pink sky, I began to watch the golden sun go to sleep. The beach seemed deserted, quiet, but peaceful. I opened my door and put my feet out on the soft sand. I started taking my shoes off, then my socks. I threw them in the passenger seat, and then shut the door. I looked out over horizon of the lake and started walking towards the still water. With each step I took, I could feel the warm sand crunch between my toes. Then suddenly, a sharp rock, but not sharp enough to break the skin. Closer and closer to the calm water, I began sinking deeper in the sand. It was comforting, the silence, tranquility, and warmth of the faint sun. There is a slight breeze, warm, but cold and lonely. I could smell the scent of fish blowing through my hair and body. The sun was still fading, slowly but surely the day was almost over. About half of it is gone now. I could see shades of blue, red, purple, and pinkish-yellow. They were mixed with puffy clouds that lined the beginning of the sky and the end of the water. I noticed the darker shades on the bottom of the lower clouds. I stopped walking and looked up at the faint stars. The seagulls were flying overhead. They were screeching and swooping at the water. I started to wish I were one of them, flying free without any restrictions or limits. I listened to their voice, the screech. Deep down in I could understand what they were saying. I can't explain it, but I was so in love with the moment I thought I saw things as they did. I was in company of animals that had no concept of time, and no worries, and I was contempt with that. I closed my eyes and the faint sun warmed my face, as if shining only for me. The warmth made ... ...mb. I had no feeling because I was lost in a rare beauty that a lot of people take for granted. The millions of scattered stars that covered that silent night sky made a lonely beach seem a little more at home. I went to this beach in hope of finding someone, perhaps a soul mate. But instead, I found that everything comes and goes. The sun left me with a memory of its beauty with a sunset. The sunset left me with a reminder that the sun is not for ever. The lone bird that stayed with me and watched the sunset showed me that you don't have to know someone to share a beautiful moment with them. Beautiful moments are beautiful moments, but they have a little more definition behind them if you share them with someone or something. The night sky and stars, gave me a sense of peace, knowing that we are never alone. The stars are always there, even if we can't see them.

Are Character Traits Reliable?

Amanda Thomas Philosophy 103 November 19, 2012 Paper No. 2 In the book â€Å"Experiments in Ethics† by Kwame Anthony Appiah he states that â€Å"Individual moments of compassion and honesty makes our lives better, even if we are not compassionate through and through†. (Appiah 70) He also continues on to say that â€Å"[w]e can’t be content with knowing what kind of people we are; it matters, too, what kind of people we hope to be† (Appiah 72). He discusses the relationship between moral philosophy and  scientific research.He used some research experiments such as Milgrams and The Good Samaritan to further explain this quote. During these discussions he explains the difference between situationist and globalist/virtue ethics. Situationists are people who feel that what predicts behavior are situational factors instead of character traits. Globalists disagree with that statement and argue that character traits predict behavior. They also propose that good actions are defined as those done by people with the proper virtues and that virtues exist as part of individuals’ character makeup.A variety of psychological studies doubt these premises. The main issue is whether we have stable personality and character traits. Appiah uses modus tollens to give a logically from of the situationist argument. If the juice is made with sugar, then the juice is sweet. The juice is not sweet. Therefore, the juice is not made with sugar. One premises using modus tollens that a situationist could agree on is that if virtue ethics is true, then character traits predict behavior. Character traits don’t predict behavior; therefore virtue ethics is not true.Appiah takes the Milgram experiment to rule out certain strong forms of virtue ethics. He notes that virtue ethics can still serve as a guide to life, defining the ideals that should serve as our aims, even thought we rarely live up to them. Moral psychology imposes limits on the kind of peo ple we can become. Appiah uses a phrase that is, of course, necessary to consider in combination with the quote just mentioned, which is this â€Å"We imperfect creatures †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Appiah 53). Darley and Batson’s ‘Good Samaritan’ study was conducted by viewing helping behavior in which students at the PrincetonTheological Seminary were asked to make individual presentations on the story of â€Å"The Good Samaritan†. The accomplice was slumped in a doorway in need of help. Unrushed seminarians helped the accomplice over 60% of the time. When seminarians were told beforehand that they were late for their presentation the helping rate dropped dramatically. Appiah accepts that if the situationist case is as right, then globalism needs to be rejected. However, he argues that virtue ethics can live on even with the end of globalism, or at least he argues that virtue still matters in a world in which situationist lessons are learned.We hope to develop cons istent character traits and to obtain a highly assimilated character, the efforts of attempting to behave in ways show that virtues is one that is worth making. It makes our lives better if we help others a bit more when we are in a hurry than we would if we were unconcerned about attempting to obtain the virtues. He also feels that one can take and embrace the truth in both virtue ethics and situationist by putting people in situations where their virtue is maximized. He feels that the premises aren’t necessarily all true.Appiah believes that experimental research has an even deeper connection to morality. To some extent, we have to trust our gut feelings when determining what is right and wrong. He states in Chapter 1 that â€Å"The conjunction of virtue ethics and situationism urges us to make it easier both to avoid doing what murderers do and to avoid being what murderersare. †I believe that Appiah’s view on virtue ethics and situationist is true. Character traits aren’t completely reliable and certain character traits can help determine how you act in a certain situation but, also certain situations can completely dismay your character traits.

Waste Recycling And Its Implementation In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

Supply concatenation direction is the organisation and coordination of a complex web of activities involved in deliver a completed merchandise to the end-user. It is a really important concern procedure and map includes sourcing and natural stuffs to the warehouse, roll uping merchandises and fabrication, trailing, and storage, distribution through the different channels and delivered to the end-users. Supply concatenation construction based on the internal undertaking, and external providers, and external distributers, every bit good as clients. Firms may be associates of multiple supply ironss at one clip. The coordination and direction is extra complicated by the worldwide participants spread across many clip zones and geographic boundaries. The direction of a supply concatenation is in add-on influenced by client chances, authorities ordinance, the environment, globalisation, and competition and information engineering. Turning urbanisation and alterations in the paradigm of life, give to coevals of lifting measures of wastes and it ‘s at the present going one more menace to our already degraded milieus. However, in current old ages, waste to energy expertness have been developed to turn out clean energy back and forth the burning of municipal solid waste in specially designed power flora equipped with the most modern-day pollution control equipment to spotless emanations. Yet, difficult waste direction patterns are different for developed and lifting states. In developing states similar to Pakistan, establishments exciting with the duty to make determinations on solid waste organisation, operate in the immense information, policy and program vacuity and deficiency so the capableness to this looming environmental catastrophe. Early successes in Pakistan ‘s put to deathing its National protection Strategy, advancement has caught up due to institutional dislocation on the portion of the disposal policies and patterns. In add-on to govern ineffectualness and dishonesty, Pakistan has non funded environmental protection labours adequately. A January 2000 history released by the office of Environment showed so as to Pakistan presently spends about $ 17 million per twenty-four hours on pollution-related onslaught, though, $ 84 million is needed to rectify the state ‘s environmental jobs, and $ 1.8 billion per twenty-four hours in added wellness attention disbursals stem from pollution-connected causes. A demand of support is obvious in Pakistan ‘s environmental protection labours. The former authorities cited deficiency of money as the ground for armed robbery in set uping the Pakistan milieus Protection Council, an ecological protection watchdog group so as to the authorities had agreed to set up several old ages before ( but merely late recognized ) . However, the SDPI has estimated so as to the authorities allocates now 0.04 % of the entire public division development plan fiscal program on the environment, and 70 % of the money for environment are loans as of foreign loaners. Pakistan ‘s attempt to raise the living rules of its citizens has destined that economic development has chiefly taken precedency over ecological issues. Unbridled employ of risky chemicals, and industrial action has contributed to a figure of environmental and wellness jeopardies. A great trade of the state suffers as of a deficiency of drinkable H2O owing to industrial waste and undeveloped flux off that contaminates imbibing irrigate supplies. Poverty and far above the land population growing have aggravated, and to a certain extent, caused, these ecological jobs though Pakistan is renowned for its ton scopes and countries of unhurt wilderness, the state approved statute law to protect its milieus merely in the history 10 old ages.1.2 Problem StatementThe sensed consciousness and importance of waste recycling and it execution in Pakistan1.3 Research Hypothesis:Null hypothesis: The mean difference of overall sensed importance of waste direction and its execution is zero. ( md =0 ) H1: Perceived consciousness and importance of corporate societal duty is every bit considered and implemented in Waste direction. H2: Perceived consciousness and importance of waste recycling planning is every bit implemented in Waste direction. H3: Perceived consciousness importance of international criterions is every bit implemented in Waste direction. H4: Perceived consciousness and importance of clip ingestion factor is every bit implemented in Waste direction. H5: Perceived consciousness and importance of cost efficiency factor is every bit implemented in waste direction. H6: Perceived consciousness and importance of instruction and preparation of employees is every bit implemented in waste direction1.4 Outline of the surveySmall measure of natural modesty direction over many being and go oning high population expansion has had a negative clang on Pakistan ‘s environment. Undeveloped flux off caused by go oning deforestation — and industrial surplus have polluted H2O commissariats, and mill and agencies of transit emanations have degraded air quality in the metropolis centres. Similar to other different developing states, Pakistan has given particular attending on accomplishing self-adequacy in nutrient production, garnering energy demands, and incorporating its high velocity of population growing rather than on restricting taint or other environmental jeopardies. As a emerald concerns have non been the authoritiess top chief concern. Yet, as Pakistan ‘s metropoliss undergo from the effects of atmosphere pollution and unplanned grow ing has caused debasement, ecological issues have become most of import. Safeguarding public wellness, every bit good as conserving Pakistan ‘s usual admirations, has made ecological protection progressively of import. In an effort to reinstate the old heedlessness to the state ‘s lifting environmental jobs, in 1992 the disposal issued its National Conservation Report ( NCSR ) exactness Pakistan ‘s environmental wellness, its sustainable ends, and feasible docket options for the hereafter by agencies of the National Conservation Goals. Formation on the Pakistan Environmental defence Regulation of 1983, the NCSR set three ends for the state ‘s ecological protection attempts: protection of natural resources, indorsement of sustainable growing and betterment of competency in the usage and organisation of resources. Fourteen agenda countries were targeted for chief concern execution, including energy efficiency betterments, renewable resource growth/deployment, pollution avoidance/reduction, urban waste direction, institutional hold up of common resources, and add-on of population and ecological plans. Introducing EIA civilisation in a state like Pakistan was a difficult and disputing undertaking chiefly when the environmental establishments were weak and consciousness degree was near to the land. It is rather encouraging so as to now the EIA procedure has in advancement to get down in the province in an organized mode. Integration of ecological concerns in assorted disposal policies has been ensured. Any new strategy before it is accepted has to go through from side to side a procedure of EIA, which has become distant, more rigorous. Public part has been made obligatory for EIA assessment. The media has turn out to be rather witting of the world and any new undertaking that is recognized rises concerns either as of the public sector or private division. However there is motionless a demand for development and get the better ofing the reasonable restraints. There are uncomplete capacities and capablenesss of legion bureaus responsible for protecting milieus in relation to the appra isal of the Initial Environmental trial or Environmental Impact Assessment information for new development undertakings. There have been about no readying plans for the individuals accountable for the rating of IEE/EIA information. Recycling is an thought based on do-gooders and common sense. The undertaking reflects the group of industry towards future constructs of recycling in Pakistan papers market. Merely 50 % ( approx ) paper is shaped by restricted industries of which 20 % is used. The remainder 30 % is imported from dissimilar states similar to Indonesia ( 70 % ) . Pakistan ‘s constabularies does non let bring in of recycle paper. Therefore 35 % virgin paper is imported. 80 % paper recycled in Pakistan is virgin papers therefore provide paper recycling an advantage to provide quality merchandises to the restricted market at highly inferior monetary values. The job of greening supply concatenation is critical for the successful execution of industrialised ecosystems and industrial environmentalism. From an organisational and environmental position, it is important to understand the fortunes and what jobs exist in this field of research. Green supply refers to the method in which inventions in supply concatenation direction and fabrication buying may be careful in the context of the environment.Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWIn today ‘s scenario companies can non disregard ecological issues. Increasing authorities regulation and stronger community authorizations for environmental answerability have been brought into these issues keen on the executive suite, and on strategic planning dockets. On the same juncture, companies are incorporating the supply concatenation processes to take down disbursals and better service clients. These two tendencies are non independent, companies have to affect providers and buyers to acquire together and even exceed the environmental chance of the clients and the authoritiess ( Baumol, 1997 ) . The supply concatenation has been traditionally distinguishable as a one manner, integrated fabrication procedure in which natural stuffs are converted into terminal finished merchandises, after that delivered to clients. The supply concatenation includes merely those behaviours associated with fabrication, as of natural stuff acquisition to concluding manufactured goods bringing. However, due to recent altering environmental supplies impacting fabrication operations, lifting attending is given to turning environmental direction ( EM ) tactics and schemes for the supply concatenation. Several researches have investigated legion countries like Ecological factors taking to the growing of an comprehensive environmental supply concatenation, the fundamental differences between the drawn-out supply concatenation and the conventional supply concatenation, The added challenges presented by the extension Presents public presentation events appropriate for the comprehensive supply concatenation. Develops a cosmopolitan process towards accomplishing and keeping the emerald supply concatenation ( Dinan, 1992 ) . The number of organisations contemplating the combination of environmental patterns lament on the strategic programs and every twenty-four hours operations is continuously increasing. Many enterprises have provided incentives for organisations to turn out to be more environmentally benign. Number of these ordinance ambitious plans are compulsory, although progressively legion voluntary environmental plans are excessively introduced by organisations. Organizations view legion of these environmental plans, which may consist technological and organisational development undertakings, as likely options for in front or keeping a competitory benefit. One environmental plan part that continues to derive in importance is one so as to focal points on the external relationships between organisations ( Joseph, 2002 ) . There is a turning demand for incorporating environmentally noise picks into supply concatenation direction research. The literature illustrates that a wide frame of mention for green supply-chain direction is non adequately urbanised. Regulative organic structures that devise ordinances to run into communal and ecological concerns to do easy growing of concern and economic system excessively suffer from its nonattendance. A compendious classification to assist academicians, research workers and practicians in sympathetic incorporate green supply concatenation as of a wider position is wanted. Further, sufficient text is available to deserve such categorization ( Sarivastava, 2007 ) . The job of greening supply concatenation is critical for the successful execution of industrialised ecosystems and industrial environmentalism. Scholars have argued so as to waste and emanations caused by the supply concatenation have become the major beginnings of serious environmental immoralities including planetary heating and acidic rain. Organizations have a ground for implementing these green supply concatenation policies, from reactive narrow grounds, to proactive planned and competitory benefit grounds. From an organisational and environmental position, it is important to understand the fortunes and what jobs exist in this field of research ( Edward, 1979 ) . The thought of supply ironss and supply concatenation direction is a relatively recent managerial regulation. The subject has evolved from beginnings including buying, advertisement, logistics, and operations direction. The issues include direction of stock list, customer-supplier relationships, merchandise growing, and buying. The supply concatenation encompasses each activity associated with the transmutation of goods and flow of natural stuffs, to the consumer. Material and information flow both upward and downward the supply concatenation ( Sarkis, 1995 ) . In this history, the supply concatenation is considered to be a additive process. The round and cosmopolitan doctrine of â€Å" bionetwork † thought is non openly included. Therefore, as of this text edition position, the add-on of the full cyclical supply concatenation is non considered to its definition. Number of text editions seems to diverge to this definition. This little case is model of common apprehension among this comparatively new hayfield. Developments in greening supply ironss have yet to scatter through the general text. Even though this is relatively anecdotal speculation, integrating of greening supply ironss into academic or educational survey has up till now to be to the full realized. Past patterns in this country seems to be as irregular and diverse as the grazing land of survey, with emerald supply ironss severely and/or unpredictably adept and investigated ( Galle, 1997 ) . Green supply refers to the method in which inventions in supply concatenation direction and fabrication buying may be careful in the context of the environment. A green supply concatenation organisation consists of the buying map ‘s engagement in behaviour that includes decline, recycling, re-consume and the permutation of stuffs. The construct of Green supply concatenation could be defined as the improving and monitoring environmental public presentation in the supply concatenation ( McIntyre and Pretlove ) . The word supply concatenation describes the system of providers, distributers and clients. It besides includes transit among the consumer and the provider, the environmental effects of the researching, fabrication, hive awaying, transporting, and devouring a merchandise, as disposing of the merchandise waste, be required to be good thought-out ( Lamming and Hampson ) . The intent of Green supply ironss from reactive monitoring of cosmopolitan environmental direction plans to extra proactive patterns such as the R ‘s of ecological direction and integrating â€Å" inventions † , excessively seem to be different. This deficiency of pattern and definition of green supply concatenation is non amazing, as its initial elements of concern environmental direction and supply concatenation direction are both relatively fresh countries of survey ( Johnson and Wang ) . The public presentation measuring system may be sole to every unit within an organisation or single organisation. These surveies decisions associated to the systems including and public presentation measuring: public presentation measuring systems may hold besides touchable or intangible steps with the same of every bit types used to mensurate public presentation, steps should be dynamic and present at different degrees, merchandises and procedures have to be included, systems and steps are best developed with a squad scheme with links to derivation from and corporate scheme, system should hold effectual internal and external communications, genuineness for consequences must be clearly be assigned and understood, systems have to supply brainpower to the determination shapers and non merely roll up informations, and the system must be capable of associating compensation, wagess, and public presentation measuring. It has besides been disputed that public presentation measuring have to turn to public presentation direction, where the organisation develops the ability to utilize public presentation measuring consequences and organisational construction to in world bring about alteration in the organisation ( Gupta, 1995 ) . We live in an epoch of intensifying environmental consciousness, where recycling of waste stuffs takes on an increasing graduated table and in about every part of the civilisation. Recycling has normally occurred because it has been efficient and economical. From the 1970s and onwards, though, the perceptual experience in modern-day rich societies has been that there must recycle even more, something that is articulated by bing or proposed difficult waste statute law. In Sweden, 1994, the manufacturer incrimination regulation has governed the digest and recycling of packaging resources, newspaper, autos and tyres. Furthermore, environmental legislators in legion European states require so as to a bulky portion of the waste paper flow should be recycled reasonably than deposited in landfills. The European merger uses the same arrange of disposition in its directives for waste. The good direction of waste has more than a few facets: political, communal, environmental, fiscal and profic ient. The aims of waste organisation policy differ small from province to state, the methods must be modified to the predominating state of affairs in each. These factors include the easiness of usage of proficient, fiscal, and human resources, peculiarly in developing states there is no individual correct technique to accomplish proper waste organisation. Nevertheless there are ordinary demands that have to be addressed by all states so as to wish to pull off wastes improved. It is excessively necessary to foretell how the present fortunes finding alteration, and to acknowledge appropriate methods to guarantee so as to what should be done with waste is done. As calculating the natural universe and measure of waste that finding arise in the chance is hard, a managerial mechanism is needed to do certain the regular supply of awake-to-date information ( Roberts and Bacon, 1997 ) . There is an anxiousness of who should be accountable for environmental issues in buying. Questions in past researches was whether it is most first-class to do a company ‘s buying subdivision responsible for pull offing the ecological public presentation of the supply concatenation. Since there are accountable for cost, release, and excellence issues, is it pale to add another degree of duty to this intent ( particularly with the organisation of ecological studies of providers ) . An reply, aid to better provider environmental public presentation rather than measuring it ( Osborn, 1997 ) . Balancing economic and environmental public presentation has turn out to be progressively important for organisations confronting competitory, regulative and community force per unit areas. With increased force for environmental sustainability, it is anticipated that endeavors were need to put to death schemes to diminish the environmental impacts of services and merchandises. To put up environmental image, endeavors have to re-evaluate the intent of concern. Success in turn toing environmental points may provide new gate-way for competition, and new ways to add importance to core concern plans. Approaches, such as cleansing agents, eco-efficiency, environmental, and production direction systems, have been implemented for green direction patterns ( Murphy and Braunschweig, 1996 ) The developed and production map ‘s place in corporate environmental has been good addressed in the content. The internal supply concatenation ‘s public presentation can paramount be managed within this intent. Since figures of reappraisals on environmentally cognizant fabricating have been finished, therefore the centre has been drawn on a few of the chief rules in this intent ( Murphy, 1995 ) . An issue at this clip is whether employees are competent of doing environmental determinations. What happens to liability and concern hazard when such antiphonal and sometimes technically many-sided issues are portion of the ecological determinations? Similar to excellence control, which has evolved to include everybody in an organisation, be able to environmental determinations be allowed to inculcate? These inquiries are unsafe since employee engagement is a pattern so as to research workers and practicians believe are in-between to pollution bar in the production intent ( Kitazawa, 1999 ) . In a survey of automotive maker ‘s employee engagement in ecological determinations was emphasized. Other than, even with this emphasis, findings showed that the sum of worker part was much fewer than the supposed engagement as mentioned by direction. It was found so as to inadequate proficient expertness in ecological issues was one cause for limited worker part. This survey besides points to a better significance of worker engagement, peculiarly when it comes to ecological issues. â€Å" Contribution † can run from seting an point keen on a reclaimable bin to part on a design for milieus undertaking ( Rothenberg 1999 ) . Loop fabrication is individual of the internal steps which can be used to acquire better the environmental public presentation of the interior supply concatenation. Drives closed-loop developed pattern. Closed fabrication is a process of bring forthing merchandises with no negative environmental clang. Currently, a great trade of the accent on cringle fabrication is on growing of back uping engineering. This internal cringle facilitates to decrease some waste streams that flow as of the production map, but require extra energy and capital to map and maintain. As fraction of the doctrine closed-loop developed a related issue to the emanations doctrine is replaceability, which has turn out to be much more popular with program for the milieus linkages. The finding of life series impacts of these replacements is still a hard proposition. The survey of pull offing in these milieus seems to be about non-existent. As of a research position this is individual of the more skill and tool goade d maps of the green supply concatenation ( Handfield and Melnyk, 1997 ) . Sing to green logistics, consequence on the public presentation of conveyance provider that are indirectly and in a consecutive line connected to provide concatenation. Canal power affects the strategic centre the whole supply concatenation, and as a consequence, the manner that conveyance is planned all through the supply concatenation. Geographic scattering has a direct consequence on the environmental and fiscal public presentation of the supply concatenation, in sight of the fact that the more physical dispersed is the supply concatenation, likely the uppermost of the internal and external disbursals of conveyance. though, there should be wonts of palliating that negative consequence of geographical scattering on the sustainable public presentation of conveyance and supply concatenation, such as the perpendicular and horizontal add-on of conveyance flows, so logistics add-on is the 3rd although non least of import issue that has a important consequence on supply-chain public pres entation. Though, it is important to happen out the consequence of integrating on green logistics public presentation ( Kitazawa and Sarkis, 1999 ) In an unadulterated thin supply concatenation nil stock lists and no loose. Several writers include taking off of waste and pull strategy as a strategic bend-thinking characteristic. This represent a parallel job as clip denseness nowadayss, since there can be multi-objective jobs among transport optimisation and stock list lessening. Consequently, it is important to put up how an stock list decrease scheme beneath a pull system can achieve its chief aim, and nevertheless clip, relieve its negative consequence on Green Logisticss and conveyances public presentations. It can be argument that thin developed has a constructive consequence on the environment, since its most of import focal point is on waste minimisation. On the extra manus, there are certain restraints that need to be taken into account to detect out whether or non bend-thinking has an optimistic impact on the overall green supply concatenation public presentation. ‘Modeling, program, and depth psychology of the tr aditional supply concatenation have chiefly on optimising the procurance of stuffs as of providers to the distribution of goods to clients ( Bruce and Daly, 2004 ) . The contentions in emerald selling and client dealingss are whether client attending in environmentally sound merchandises relates to existent purchase. Assorted surveies have exposed that involvement is normally senior than existent bargain. This statement is able to be made for either single clients or corporate and industrial purchasers. Even although this issue has been exposed to be single client phenomena the extension to concern purchasers needs a more entire rating ( Guide and Srivastava, 1997 ) . Lot of bookmans has looked at this job, but it is still a point of statement. In attempt, there argued that consumers and business-to-business clients have likewise attitudes, existent public presentation, and sympathetic of buying green merchandises. It Argue that concern consumers are more witting of environmental and green merchandises issues and features than single clients. Whether or non these client groups have tantamount degrees and apprehension of ecological issues with respect to buying merchandises were influence managerial selling schemes and patterns ( Dinan, 1992 ) . The logistics system and its readying are two of the extra strategic issues confronting logistics directors in this intent. Many determinations need to be made with expression upon to the house ‘s market, client, merchandise and logistical capital. Examples of characteristic logistics determinations comprise options such as direct bringing or hub-and-spoke, cardinal shop or distributed system, intermodal or individual signifier, and 3rd party services. some of the design and direction standard that support environmental readying in this country include less cargos, less intervention, shorter motions, extra direct paths, and improved infinite use. Other than, each of these issues includes trade-offs among release clip, reactivity, excellence and cost, every bit same as ecological public presentation ( McIntyre and Pretlove, 1998 ) . Most public regarded packaging as bad for the milieus, there still take packaged over loose options when purchasing. Up till now, grounds has shown to some companies, after transfusing extra environmentally preferred packaging, had additions portions in market. This issue relates to client attitudes and behaviour. Whether these state of affairss are appropriate to industrial purchasers and trade is another job. A survey of ecological packaging and its power on industrial purchasing is an issue so as to hold non received much notice. Although some issues pertinent to buying pattern after manner of packaging Torahs have been shared ( Walton and Melnyk, 1998 ) . Rearward logistics as an environmentally watchful attack by incorporating resource decrease contrary distribution. Change by reversal logistics is the return, ensuing from recycling, or disposal by agencies of the minimisation of waste which contains in more efficient mode and change by reversal distribution procedures. Change by reversal logistics operations comprise the undermentioned major ladder: aggregation, division, compaction or disassembly, transitional dispensation, bringing and add-on. The operational emphasis is dependent on the sort of stuff or constituent so as to flows in the contrary logistics canal. For illustration, disassembly were be necessary for transcript machines, while fictile bottles need compaction. Change by reversal logistics is a cardinal proficiency that does non be in most alone equipment makers and organisations, outsourcing to 3P logistics forte companies to flux operations in this intent have become really well-liked. The growing of such 3rd party p roviders may provide possible competition to original equipment makers, if these contrary logistics organisations make a determination to remanufacture and remanufacture merchandises ( Dunn, 1995 ) . In a survey of industrial location networking ‘s influence on economic systems in ecological organisation, Scholars found that these tactics and schemes can assist organisations derive environmental cost nest eggs. Such nest eggs patent in the signifier of fewer expensive environmental direction communications and services, decreased incidence and strength of land-use struggles, and an improved ability on the fraction of the public division to implement environmental system. Consequently, close and inter-firm webs could be a method to assist little organisations turn out to be more effectual environmental associates. The usage of eco-manufacturing Parkss and authorities sponsored waste exchange plans as techniques to help the connexion between little and large companies. Another move toward is to help little companies is from side to side mentoring plans from big companies. Eloquent that there is a difference between large and little corporation ‘s engagement and credence of green supply concatenation rules is one job for probe. One more, of import issue is formative demands and patterns help little makers become extra involved in this process ( Sarkis, 1999 ) . The survey of industry differences in green supply concatenation processs and patterns is a concern that has been observed in every of the maps have found fabrication differences in how organisations fit in environmental scheme. Part of the ground is to portion the same stakeholders that put force. The troubles of widening this type of depth psychology to green supply concatenation investigate are the heterogeneousness of providers and customarily in the supply concatenation. That is, it is difficult to merely hold a supply concatenation made up of substance industry companies, for case. The influences of NGO ‘s, adept organisations and extra stakeholders on green supply concatenation direction pattern may be investigated, when fabrication features are to be evaluated ( Guide and Srivastava, 1997 ) . To organize such an association such that ecological liabilities are minimized, is a job. These organisations are destined to organize and fade out fast. Responsibility for some environmentally malignant behaviour by the corporation or its members may give unanticipated liabilities and punishment, with duties of this behaviour hard to pull. Having an initial ecological scheme, which direct the formation and operations of this association, is non normally individual of the concerns of organizing these types of organisations. In this instance larn, â€Å" win-come first † chances did look to populate, these chances are fewer and less as the organisation matures. How to continue and build on these patterns for ecological and economic sustainability is one more issue ( Carter and Ellram, 1998 ) . It has been argued that corporate environmental plans work most first-class when there are fraction of a strategic plan and vision. up till now, when covering with supply ironss, with a assortment of grades of providers to many likely degrees of clients, the supply concatenation ( in general ) and the environmental supply concatenation ( in demanding ) are merely as high-quality, particularly in conditions of shuting the supply concatenation cringle. The power of changing corporate environmental schemes and where at that place live on the environmental program and behavior scope on the supply concatenation wants to be investigated ( Hanna and Newman, 1995 ) . Strategic corporate public presentation dealingss are the consideration of ready public presentation measurings for green supply ironss. Performance capacity has been urbanized for intents of pull offing the assorted basicss of the supply concatenation. Many of these events are clip and cost based. The employ of public presentation steps finding be used for pull offing every of the maps and basicss. The short-word focal point of these steps finding makes it hard as of a greening position. In information, there is even a end to travel farther than simple greening events to sustainability public presentation steps, integrating other socially tilting factors ( Murphy and Braunschweig, 1996 ) . Arises for the overall green supply concatenation direction strategy is the dynamic natural universe of the merchandise life rhythm and its deductions on the assortment of patterns. Academics has argued that the managerial accent on which maps it develops and ropes in the green supply concatenation is dependent on the merchandise life rhythm, whether the goods is in the early freshness phases or adulthood or diminution phases, whether the association is seting more emphasis on the procurance phase ( choosing suited sellers ) or on rearward logistics ( adequate merchandise and material exist for well-organized contrary logistics channels ) . Therefore, the issue at this clip is that organisations be aftering for a long -term green supply ironss need to be witting of the necessary supplies for beef uping the supply concatenation as it matures ( Sarkis, 1999 ) . In any city it is possible to tie in the criterion of waste organisation with the overall â€Å" normal of life † enjoyed by its dwellers. Increasing outlooks of environmental betterment denote that disposal installations have to be suitably designed, engineered and managed. The preparation of a thorough and effective program is a drawn-out occupation if done manually, and the conversation introduces the benefits that are able to be obtained from the employ of computing machine theoretical accounts to assist, but non set back, human engagement in the preparation of a program. Short mention were be made to blow direction theoretical accounts by now used by waste directors to make and update tactics ( Edward, 1979 ) . The issues associating to mounting solid waste are fast geting mammoth size in the lifting states of Asia. The bulk of the states, yet, continue to chiefly focus on on accomplishing high economic expansion and pay light attending to blow organisation. This article takes a elaborate expression on the insufficiencies of waste organisation in Asia and underscores that requires for greater international assignment in undertaking the menace. In this background, the factors behind lifting trade in reclaimable wastes linking Asiatic states and founds that the inauspicious economic and ecological impacts ensuing from such trade far outweigh the announced advantages ( Baumol, 1997 ) . Few factors require to be considered while environmental analysis. Nature ‘s cost- consequence of chemicals and risky waste on dirt and H2O fortunes. Animals- chemicals on wildlife and grocery rhythms. Waste accretion strains micro-organisms and is a good extension country for vectors e.g. mosquitoes. Annihilation of the beauty and composure of the universe. Fiscal system- the long term properties of waste on the milieus are difficult to see accordingly it is much easier to disregard our waste now and leave the chance coevals to literally pay out the monetary value ( Angell, 1999 ) . We throw off many things every twenty-four hours runing as of ordinary trash to old packaging, cleaning resources and many dissimilar sorts of debris. Large measures of pesticides and fertilisers are besides leached keen on the environment as of farms, for illustration. Volumes of the gaseous, liquid or difficult wastes produced by developed and other industrial procedures are besides rather released. These emanations are simply partly controlled by pollution manage methods. Number of this industrial waste is discharged into the milieus in significant measures. Consequently what is the clang of all this and to what grade is it damaging to our wellness and milieus ( Carter, 2000 ) . Boxing seems to be all over the topographic point in the western universe. Our nutrient, drink, vesture, medical specialty, trappingss, computing machines, cleaning resources, publications etc all attack packaged in some signifier. The chief intent of packaging is to support the contents from injure. The concluding bundle often incorporates several types of wrapping stuffs to guarantee so as to the merchandise can be transported with no problem. One job with packaging stuff is that it is designed to be petrified off once the goods are put into usage. Provision it is non possible to redesign the manufactured goods to extinguish the covering or to recycle the packaging, subsequently the best option is to do certain the packaging does no injury to the environment merely the once it is discarded. Most packaging is non destructive to the environment in conditions of toxicity. Though, because many common packaging stuffs do non degrade one time there are extra, there maintain on add-on to the big volume of solid waste that green goods. If packaging is able to break up quickly it were be used of course. For illustration, figure of companies are planing plastics that determinate interrupt down through the act of bugs or visible radiation into safe merchandises. The rules of green chemical science pertinent to this stuff trade by agencies of returning safe substances to the milieus. The chief job at that place take up an progressively large sum of infinite in landfills and stand for an inefficient employ of the World ‘s capital. The toxic wastes free into the environment by a assortment of industrial operations present a much better menace ( Carter, 1998 ) . The taint Inventory presently contains inside informations on big fabrication sites, with the most possible to do taint, as designated in the Environmental Protection in 1990. The fewer risky, but many procedures are synchronized by Local Authorities. Numerous other beginnings of pollution are non incorporated, such as the notable part made from conveyance. Most drugs have some version to defy biological sordidness in the organic structure and these same versions lead to perseverance in the environment when the medical specialty is excreted via piss or faucal substance. The happening of pharmaceutical micro- pollutants in assorted irrigate environments has been investigated within legion surveies for decennary. Pharmaceuticals whether veterinary had discover ways into waste workss or watercourses and land H2O as the active pharmaceutical, metabolite transmutation merchandise. Countless drugs have been found in H2O, which is a cautiousness mark to the current handling of pharmaceutica ls that lead to future fittingness and environmental jobs ( Christmann, 2001 ) . Information indicates that pharmaceutical micro pollutants are detected on parts per trillion, distant below are acute toxicant degrees. However, optimistic grounds of an endocrinal perturbation consequence on aquatic life by agencies of studies on the feminisation of gentleman fish, notably the fresh water roach, doing intersex category or growing of egg cell in the testicles, anyplace estrogens ( from HRT, preventive and endogenous homo ) are present on the degree of one portion per billion. It has been postulated as the UK takes one tierce of its H2O of rivers by agencies of these estrogens degrees have the possible to come in the imbibing supply. The consequence of changeless exposure to these low degrees of contamination on worlds garbages unknown and statements to be relevant the precautional rule have been complete as a ground for act into cut downing the attending of pharmaceuticals in the milieus ( Geffen, 2000 ) . Policy proceedings have been undertaken in legion economically advanced states, to back recycling of municipal waste. The dramatic attention deficit disorder to in the figure of recycling plans in operation is partly a intent of non-economic influences such as alterations in concerns, often trigged by elector gustatory sensations for the milieus though, there exist comparatively a little figure of economic analyses in hold for this policy stance and the implicit in rule for and the apprehension of the conchoids of dissimilar policy steps is therefore often less than entire. It stresses that an economic point of position there is nil per se benign refering recycling. Recycling policies have to, merely as a policy, to go through cost-benefit and fiscal efficiency ( Handfield, 2002 ) . Recent researches have indicated that the methods designed to diminish solid waste are idols of fiscal virtuousness. For case, of recycling attempts and policies to advance such labours tend to concentrate wholly on benign ecological impacts, while abstracting as of other of import costs to civilisation. The differences in fiscal costs across policies can therefore frequently be significant. The above supplies the implicit in rule for a closer survey on the competency of recycling policies ( Melnyk, and Calatone, 2002 ) . Pakistan ‘s power ingestion has about tripled in the old 20 old ages. From 0.6 quadrillion Btu in 1980, Pakistan ‘s amount energy usage in 1998 stood at 1.7 quads. Pakistan histories for simply 0.5 % of sum universe energy usage. In footings of per capita energy usage, Pakistan ‘s pinnacle of 12.3 million Btu in 1998 is far greater than Bangladesh ‘s ( 3.3 million Btu ) although virtually on par by agencies of India ‘s ( 12.9 million ) . In contrast, China ‘s per capita power ingestion in 1998 was 27.0 million Btu, Iran ‘s was 72.4 million Btu, and Russia ‘s was 177.3 million Btu, as U.S. per capita usage was 350.7 million Btu. Pakistan ‘s power ingestion by sector shows so as to about half ( 49 % ) is credited to residential. The fabrication sector accounted for the bulk of the remainder by agencies of 33.5 % , while conveyance made up 13.2 % and the profitable sector was accountable for 4.3 % . Energy usage by fuel type showed s o as to oil made up 43.5 % , usual gas 38.3 % , and crude oil merely 5.1 % . Pakistan ‘s attempt to raise the living rules of its citizens has destined that economic development has chiefly taken precedency over ecological issues. Unbridled employ of risky chemicals, car emanations, and industrial action has contributed to a figure of environmental and wellness jeopardies, head in the center of H2O pollution. The state suffers through a deficiency of drinkable H2O owing to industrial waste and undeveloped that contaminates imbibing water supplies a great trade. In the metropoliss, widespread employ

Gods in Oedipus the King essays

Gods in Oedipus the King essays Many ancient Greek plays dealt with the interaction of humans with the immortal gods of Olympus. The Greeks believed in what they called fate and always associated their fate with the gods. It is easy to assume that some fates were more horrible and cruel than others. Also, people who seem to be good and just receive a punishment that might be too harsh. This belief can easily be applied to the play Oedipus the King by Sophocles. The gods seem to be unforgiving, unjust, and cruel. Some might believe this display is the complete nature of the gods. It could also be safe to argue that this type of universe is not a favorable one in which to live and thus many would question the righteousness of the gods and how they interact with man. Oedipus might be a victim of the fate set forth by the gods, however, the events that occur between the pages of Oedipus the King do not create an unbiased judgement of the nature of the gods. There are several important instances throughout the play that should be remembered when arriving at what the nature of the gods is. First, Oedipus, after being told by Creon that the death of King Laius was never investigated, delivered the punishment that meant for Laiuss slayer. I pray that the slayer wear his unblest life out evilly, as he is evil. And I pray may I suffer the same things which I have just called down upon others (Sophocles, 82-83). This statement entitles Oedipus to suffer the same punishment as the unknown slayer. Also, Oedipus said that Our health (with the gods help) shall be made certain or our ruin (Sophocles, 80). Oedipus wanted the help of the gods at the beginning. The nature of the gods is to answer such prayers, but not to force decisions onto the mortals. Oedipus continued to hound for answers even after Jocasta tried to persuade him to think otherwise. Why ask of whom he spoke? Do not regard it. It is futile are the words...

Apple Inc.

Apple Inc. Introduction Contemporary issues in marketing and consumer research provisions are critical in the business contexts. This paper discusses Apple Inc. in the context of the contemporary issues it adopts in its marketing and consumer research provision.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Inc. Contemporary Issues in Marketing and Consumer Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such concepts have helped the company to remain competitive in the market and enhance its competitive advantages in the electronics industry. Precisely, contemporary marketing and consumer research refer to how organisations analyze, understand, and meet the needs of their respective customers in the current business world (Pride Ferrell 2006). Apple Inc. produces and sells commodities that address the market needs with precision. In the contemporary market, Apple Inc. has managed to address the unique demands of its customers with various products including the iPhone 4, iPod, iPad, and other technological tablets demanded in the market. A stringent and appropriate marketing concept is a combination of values and considerations made explicitly to address customers’ needs (Kitchen 1986). Nevertheless, these have conformed to the aspects of market segmentation, targeting markets, marketing strategies, and positioning strategies adopted by Apple Inc. Contemporary Marketing Collectives Apple Inc. has selected its specific target markets in order to serve them exceedingly. Customers demands goods, which satisfy their needs with utmost precision and satisfaction (Lamb, Hair McDaniel 2011). It is from this context that the entire business prospects lie in selecting the target market. Additionally, the need to have efficient production mechanisms has always helped Apple Inc. in delivering its business objectives as it addresses its targeted customers’ demands.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this regard, the company is aware that consumers usually go for products, which are of considerable quality and widely available at affordable costs. By understanding these contemporary provisions (Rohloff 1966), Apple Inc. strives to produce quality and affordable electronic products that address its targeted customers’ demands. It is possible to stay afloat in the market if a company considers the contemporary needs of its clients. This is an important provision in various contexts. Additionally, emerging with contemporary products, which embraces the aspects of technology among other provisions, is a considerable move. It is crucial to consider the production capabilities for such clients in the entire context. Importantly, the products namely iPhone 4, iPod, iPad, and other technological tablets target a wider range of customer segments (Rouwenhorst 2009). In this con text of target markets, Apple has a specific population, which it targets with its products. The aspects of market segmentation, business strategies, and target marketing usually contribute constructively. For example, Apple Inc. has to analyze its target markets in order to produce contemporary products that will address their unique demands. Concurrently, iPhone 4 has various features that meet considerable demands of various customers (Stout Burda1989). It targets customers belonging to some social class and literacy. In this context, it has been possible for the company to analyze its market segments and produce products that are appropriate to them. The need to meet the market demands with novel products usually plays critical roles in this context (Morrison 1997). Another concept in this phenomenon is the pricing and distribution capabilities of the company involved immediately after designing and producing its products (Drummond Ensor 2005). The company needs such pricing c apabilities to address the economic capabilities of the target market. Apple has managed to attain massive business opportunities with its contemporary products due to fair pricing, appropriateness, and extensive distribution.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Inc. Contemporary Issues in Marketing and Consumer Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From this concept, it is evident that companies require massive business opportunities in order to attain their marketing concepts with appropriate production mechanisms (Ward, Oliva Reibstein 1994). Contemporarily, increasing the volume of production will eventually reduce the costs, cut prices, increase sales, enhance revenues, and augment profitability as the company sells its products massively to the target market. Apple Inc. has also managed to structure its target markets and production systems to attain low cost products mentioned earlier (Blanchard 2010) . Contextually, this is an important occurrence in the business realms. It is from this concept that numerous contemporary marketing provisions succeed. Managing to uphold the aspects of business production and capabilities in order to reduce costs and other characterising factors is an important provision in the business realms (Mohammed 2010). Determining the target customers, market segment, and the appropriate market strategy for such customers have enabled the company to enhance its sales and customer focus in various contexts. From this argument, the entire business prospects for Apple Inc. have managed to thrive in the global limelight despite the threatening challenges and stringent competition from other contenders. Sustainable Marketing the Green Consumer Sustainable marketing has been a contemporary marketing provision due to its relevance and viability in capturing and retaining clients. Environmental sustainability and consumer protection have been in the fore front of Apple’s marketing objectives.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company has managed to attain its contemporary marketing goals through appropriate strategic marketing. This relates to focusing of inadequate resources on identified opportunities in order to increase productivity, sales, and profitability. This has allowed the company to attain considerable competitive advantages. In this context, Apple has managed to embrace the aspects of product concept. Evidently, customers require products that meet their demands with appropriateness. This helps in curbing unnecessary product rejections by the customers (Jin, Suh Donavan 2008). Customers usually demand quality and â€Å"green† products. They are also able to assess the quality and performance provisions of the concerned product. This can massively affect their buying trends. As a marketing concept and a component of strategic marketing, the product provisions must be considered by the concerned company to ensure that it only provides appropriate products that address the demands o f targeted clients. Apple provides products that precisely meet the quality standards desired by the customers. Consequently, it has investigated what the customers demand with regard to quality and other contemporary provisions evident in this context. Additionally, it is important that the company considers the provisions sustainability in its products (Bohm 2009). Additionally, the ability to provide the targeted customers with more than what they expected as evident iPhone 4, iPod, iPad, and other technological tablets is of some sustainability. Additionally, it is important to augment the aspects of quality as witnessed in the Apple Inc.’s products as a component of contemporary and sustainable marketing. The aspects of quality act as promotional agents regardless of countless advertisements. Whenever customers realise that what the concerned company provides is of quality, they will remain loyal (Gupta 2006). This is a crucial provision when considered critically and ev aluated contextually with regard to contemporary marketing. The company has equally managed to position itself favourably in the market hence rendering it quite competitive. It is imperative to consider such aspects with precision. Strategic market positioning helps the concerned company reach its clients promptly and decisively (Vilcox Mohan 2007). From this context, it is apparent that the organisation must observe product concepts as a promotional strategy in the entire context. Managing to address the market demands is a considerable marketing strategy in the global limelight (Brazil Gips 2008). Most products produced by the company have managed to meet the product concepts as argued in this context. Additionally, the need for more elaborated market share and visibility helps the concerned companies to address their market targets upon segmenting their target customers with precision. Evidently, if clients are left to decide on their own, they will not purchase enough products from the concerned company. This might lead to massive losses due to reduced sales. From this concept, it is evident that the concerned companies must promote their products. This allows the targeted market segment to understand the features and benefits of the concerned product. Consequently, they will tend to buy the product with a massive success (Jain 2011). The marketing concepts must consider the aspects of promotion in order to realise any remarkable results. Nonetheless, the concerned companies will find it hard to attain the desired business prospective. Brand Cultures – Recognition and Recall of the Brand Name Apple Inc. recognises the significance of brand name as a contemporary culture in its marketing provisions. The recognition/recall of a brand name is a fundamental aspect that can be used in judging commercials (Hoffman Bateson 2009). They are techniques that search viewers’ memories to trace whether they are aware of an existence of a brand or servic e. Recognition technique is usually direct while recall is an indirect approach to viewers’ memories (Lerman Garbarino 2002). Both are indispensable in television adverts. However, they are not enough, as they are not sufficient in determining the effects of advertisements. Recognition tries to access the memories of the viewers by use of a concept prompted through advertisement. It reminds the viewers that they have seen the product sometimes back. Recall occurs when one prompts with a product name as he looks for reaction on recall of the advert. Contemporarily, recognition is a touching task and is more applicable in judging television commercials. On the other hand, recall involves the use of logic and is more applicable in judging print advertisement. Thus, using recognition in judgment of print advertisement may not be appropriate in the determination of whether a commercial is effective (Krugman 1966). Equally, use of recall in judgment of television adverts may not b e successful in the determination whether a commercial is effective. Therefore, recognition and recall of brand name are not enough measures of determining the effectiveness of adverts (Kevin, Heckler Houston 1998). Other measures are applicable in judging the effectiveness of television commercials. One of the other measures that can be used in determining the effectiveness of commercials is persuasive ability. Recognition and recall are attempts to ensure that the viewers have memory of existence of the brand. On the other hand, persuasion checks the results that the advert has on viewers’ behaviour towards a brand. Persuasion checks the response that individuals have towards commercials (Andrews et al., 1992). It does not check whether individuals recognise or recall the brand, but rather the response that individuals have towards the brand. Apple Inc. has established novel foundations for its contemporary marketing activities. The company has installed marketing campaign s, loyalty programs, and new marketing materials. All these have followed similar positioning and marketing strategies as evident in this context. Evidently, consumers have always shown a normal tendency to resist. This indicates the essence to have aggressive promotional programs and positioning strategies to enhance their tolerability. As a contemporary marketing concept, ability to induce consumers is of a massive consideration. It is important to enhance such aspects as indicated earlier. Apple Inc. has managed to uphold the aspects of selling concepts and positioning strategies in order to capture a considerable market divide, global presence, and market saturation (Ogrady 2009). Evidently, both companies produce quality products; nonetheless, these can only sell if the company enacts appropriate marketing and positioning strategies that will induce customers to buy the concerned products (Shoham 1996). Contextually this is an important provision when considered decisively. It is appropriate to consider such provisions before approaching the market with novel products. Due to emergence of technology and other beneficial product provisions, the company has been introducing fresh product into the market with due appropriateness. Concurrently, it has established appropriate marketing concepts to help it rock the concerned markets with profitability (Rajagopal 2000). This means that the aspects of selling relates to the provisions of advertisements, positioning strategies, and other promotional procedures. Ability to enhance sales depends on how the company has handled its marketing concepts and other promotional provisions relevant to the concerned products. It is important to consider such provisions in various contexts. Consequently, it is apparent that both companies used appropriate promotional vessels to ensure that they remain relevant in their business endeavours and reach numerous potential clients globally (Martin, Vicky-Thuy-Uyen Ji-Yeon 2002). Fr om this context, it is apparent that most business orientations are favoured by appropriate promotional strategies. Contemporarily, in order to allow iPhone to sell in the global market, the company has enacted stringent and appropriate selling concepts and brand cultures to ensure that its products sell in the global market. This relates to the aspects of suggestible mass advertisements and appropriate positioning strategies. Conclusion The contemporary issues in marketing and consumer research provisions are critical in the business contexts as indicated before. The paper discussed Apple Inc. in the context of contemporary issues it embraces in its marketing and consumer research. The contemporary marketing concepts established and ratified by this company have helped the company to remain competitive in the market and enhance its competitive advantages in the electronics industry. , Apple Inc. has managed to enhance its market presence and profitability through establishment of a ppropriate contemporary marketing concepts. Additionally, favourable strategic marketing, macro/micro-environmental forces, market segmentation, targeting markets, marketing strategies, and positioning strategies have equally contributed to its success. It is recommendable to uphold such provisions in the spheres of effectiveness, appropriateness, and prosperity. This is a vital consideration in various contexts. Addressing marketing concepts appropriately augments profits, customer satisfaction, and loyalty. These regard how the organisations analyze, understand, and meet the needs of its respective customers in the current business. In the contemporary market, Apple Inc. produces and sells commodities that address the market needs with precision. This is critical in the context of business management and prompt delivery of services. List of References Andrews, J, Akhter, S, Durvasula, S Muehling, D 1992, The Effects of Advertising Distinctiveness and Message Content Involvement o n Cognitive and Affective Responses to Advertising, Journal Of Current Issues Research In Advertising (CTC Press), vol. 14 no 1, pp. 45-58. Blanchard, D 2010, Supply chain management: best practices, John Wiley, New Jersey, US. Bohm, A 2009, The SWOT Analysis, GRIN Verlag, London, UK. Brazil, A Gips, J 2008, Breaking Through Fast-Forwarding: Brand Information and Visual Attention, Journal of Marketing, vol.72, no. 6, pp. 3. Drummond, G Ensor, J 2005, Introduction to marketing concepts, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. Ferrell, O Hartline, M 2011, Marketing strategy, South-Western Cengage Learning, Sydney, AUS. Gupta, D 2006, Marketing library and information services international perspectives, K.G. Saur Press, Mà ¼nchen, Germany. Hoffman, K Bateson, J 2009, Services marketing: concepts, strategies cases, Cengage Learning Services, Ohio, US. Jain, S 2011, Handbook of research in international marketing, Edward Elgar, New York, US. Jin, H., Suh, J Donavan, D 2008, â€Å"Sa lient Effects of Publicity in Advertised Brand Recall and Recognition: The List-Strength Paradigm†, Journal of Advertising, Vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 45-57. Kevin, L., Heckler, S Houston, M 1998, The effects of brand name suggestiveness on advertising recall, Journal of Marketing, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 48-57. Kitchen, P 1986, Zipping, Zapping and Nipping, International Journal Of Advertising, vol. 5, 4, pp. 343-352. Krugman, H 1966, THE MEASUREMENT OF ADVERTISING INVOLVEMENT, Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 583-596. Lamb, C, Hair J McDaniel, C 2011, Essentials of Marketing, Cengage Learning, Ohio, US. Lerman, D Garbarino, E 2002, Recall and recognition of brand names: A comparison of word and nonword name types, Psychology Marketing, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 621-639. Martin, B., Vicky-Thuy-Uyen, L Ji-Yeon, W 2002, Remote control marketing: How ad fast-forwarding and ad repetition affect consumers, Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 44-48. Mohammed, I. 2010, The Impact Of Advertising Attitudes On The Intensity Of Tv Ads Avoiding Behavior, International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1. Morrison, J 1997, Consumer Behavior, Journal of Education for Business, vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 317-317. Ogrady, J 2009, Apple Inc, Greenwood Press, Connecticut, US. Pride, W Ferrell, O 2006, Marketing: concepts and strategies, Houghton Mifflin Co., Massachusetts, US. Rajagopal, P 2000, Marketing: concepts and cases, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi, India. Rohloff, A 1966, Quantitative analyses of the effectiveness of TV commercials, JMR, Journal of Marketing Research (pre-1986), vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 239-239. Rouwenhorst, R 2009, Zipped commercials, zapped memory? The impact of zipping on attitude and memory for commercials, Cengage Learning, New York, NY. Shoham, A 1996, Effectiveness of standardized and adapted television advertising: An international field study approach, Journal of International Consumer Market ing, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 5-23. Stout, P Burda, B 1989, Zipped Commercials: Are They Effective?† Journal of Advertising, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 23-23. Vilcox, M Mohan, T 2007, Contemporary issues in business ethics, Nova Science Publishers, New York, US. Ward, S., Oliva, T Reibstein, D 1994, Effectiveness of brand-related 15-second commercials, The Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 38-38.

Ideas for Term Papers

Ideas for Term Papers Ideas for Term Papers Do you need ideas for your academic papers? A term or research paper is a matter of reading several sources on a particular subject. The task of writing such is not too difficult if it is thought out in advance. Use the following steps to help you write a sound term paper: Choosing a subject. This is really where your paper gets its success. If you choose the right topic then you will write a good paper. Finding sources of materials. Normally you would limit your sources to those available on the campus and use materials that are not more than 20 years old. Your content must be sound and authoritative. This is a very important part and it is also quite time consuming. Gathering the notes. As you research your materials you need to make notes of material you intend to use. Ensure you record the bibliographical information as well. Be honest in your use of material. Do not mispresent it to support a point when it actually does not. Do not avoid presenting opposing views if it helps establish yours. Outlining the paper. Once you have gathered your information on your topic you need to then prepare the outline of your paper. Sort your material into main divisions. Then within those use subdivisions, being careful to stay focused and relevant on the subject. It should begin to take on a definite structure. Refine this structure until you are satisfied it covers your subject and materials in a clear and logical way. Writing the first draft. Now using the material you have gathered and following your outline begin to present your points. Write the paper around the outline, being sure that you indicate in the introduction part of the paper what its purpose is. Tell the reader what you are going to say. Then in the body paragraphs explain and support your thesis of your paper making sure your paragraphs are clear and contain a coherent idea that is supporting the topic. Each paragraph should flow logically until you have finished your presentation .Finally, bring your thoughts together in your concluding paragraph. Editing the paper. Once you have finished writing it is time to edit your paper. Read it first and if necessary rewrite parts until you are satisfied with the flow of the paper and that the introduction body and conclusion are a focused unit. If you think you will not manage to do your paper on your own you can always ask our professional writers to assist you. If you give them your requirements they will write your paper. It will be original, custom written to your needs, high quality and plagiarism free. Also, take advantage of our affordable prices and place your order right now. You can easily hire the best term paper writer to have your academic project written from scratch.

Homeland security major Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homeland security major - Essay Example importantly, it anticipates, preempts, detects and deters threats to the homeland and its people from terrorist attacks, natural disasters or any other emergency and helps create linkages in crisis times. The degree equips students with strong ability to think critical and respond efficiently during crisis time. It also equips them with necessary knowledge and skills related to security, intelligence and state of the art technology to safeguard the lives of people and protect our country from terrorist attack. 9/11 has been left an indelible mark that has motivated me to work in this field. I have always wanted to be involved in the rescue missions and have also been a regular volunteer for the Red Cross. I therefore believe that the pursuing degree from ERAU would be the ideal choice that would able me to make solid contribution to make my country safe. The core areas of ERAU HS program comprise of 11 courses: Principles of management; Micro economics; Introduction to GSIS; Introduction to US legal system; studies in global intelligence; History of terrorism; Introduction to geography; Personality and profiling; Government of US; International relations; and US Foreign policy. Twelve credits are required for foreign language for degree. I am already proficient in French and Spanish and love learning new languages so it is yet another way where I would be able to utilize my multi-lingual abilities. The degree would offer plethora of job opportunities, both in the federal government agencies like intelligence, diplomatic, security and law enforcement, department of homeland security, coastal guard, airport security etc. At the same time, jobs in private sector like domestic and international corporations in their security department, risk management agencies, non government organizations like Red Cross, IMF, World Bank etc. The university program in Homeland Security is the right field for me as I have always been interested in the area of intelligence and

The Preference of Music and its relationship to Culture, Personality, Annotated Bibliography

The Preference of Music and its relationship to Culture, Personality, and Mental Health - Annotated Bibliography Example The study indicates that there is a difference in the preference of culture, and the more one is familiar with the music you tend to like it. Furthermore, someone’s peer might affect the preference of music but it depends on his or her age. This source is important because it analyses the same subject that I want to write about. The author is writing detailed information about his research, with supporting tables and statistic numbers. The source is considered long but with credible information that is gathered from highly accurate measure called Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI). The paragraphs are organized with subtitles and celerity stating the facts and evidences. The objective of this study is to investigate if the preferred music can affect listener’s behaviors, self-harm, and drug use. It surveys and discusses the relevant literature on music preference and audience music listening behaviors, and their links ones mental health. It states that different genres of music have a different impact of antisocial and drug use in listeners, and it provides example regarding each genre. Also, it studies the link between music preference and suicide; it shows that music can indicate emotional tendencies to suicide but not a cause to it. Moreover, it describes listeners personalities depending on which music they prefer. For instance, it gives an established relationship between rap music and antisocial behaviors, vulnerability to suicide and drug use. The author uses events that have happened in the past to bring out the relationship existing between rap music for example and drug abuse for example, teens instigating a school shooting. This article is helpful in my work since it looks at the effects of the behaviors that might arise from lyrics incorporated in the music and how it is transforming our culture. The article talks about how we react to music and how it affects our

We Should Pull Our Troops from Afghanistan Research Paper

We Should Pull Our Troops from Afghanistan - Research Paper Example Taliban continue its encouragement to Afghanistan for preventing Western invasion. Many ethnic groups and political pressure groups strengthen their independence struggle against Western invasion. It is relevant to connect the issue of Afghanistan to Vietnam. David Halberstam and Daniel Joseph Singal obsesrve similar cases in Vietnam. As they comment; â€Å"Bright, sophisticated people traditional warriors they have never accepted the rule of the outsiders† (Halberstam & Singal 8). Even though U.S. troops continue their operations in Afghan regions, various terrorist groups and extremists including Al-Qaeda keep control in majority of the Afghan region. U.S administers are not react seriously towards the crisis which happened in Afghanistan. Similar attitude they had followed in Vietnam War. â€Å"In those days, American were not unaware of the difficulties ahead† (Halberstam & Singal 12) Therefore, U.S. Troops face severe problems in handling conflicts that emerged fro m the urban areas. Here one can feel withdrawal of U.S. troops is an essential one. Examining the existing social, religious and political scenario that laid in Afghanistan, one can see that the country has been rapidly destabilizing.

Quality TV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quality TV - Essay Example 4). The discussions on quality have been evident for a long time. For example, according to Robin Nelson, television quality was determined in UK and USA by basing on traditions or cultural values (Akass, 2007p. 4). It is also worth stating that there has been a shift in the television quality rating due to economical or social factors. According to Cardwell, the business strategies usually affect the programs cast in televisions. This is because most institutions and industries usually adopt institutional and cultural discourses when determining quality based on broadcasting mandates, policy-making decisions, and the production demands. Sarah Cardwell conducted critical judgment and evaluations to establish the differences since the variance between quality and good television had been neglected. She stated that the television studies lacked sufficient attention on the conceptual matters. Consequently, the difference between quality and good television can be established by looking at the generic classification of television programs. In 1995, Cardwell let her television students watch 1995 classic-novel where the students had different opinions about the movie. For example, one student said that the movie was of high quality but rather boring making it improper. From the findings, it was clear that the quality of television is determined by the way the television program has been filmed or acted. Concurrently, a good television program is rated based on the textual characteristics of the program (Akass, 2007p. 20). In summary, a good television is moving, riveting, provocative, rich, and should be frequently contemporary. It should not only be relevant but the viewers should also value it (Akass, 2007p. 21). However, the classifications of the quality of television are largely dependent on the national context. For instance, the contemporary quality of television in Britain is different from American television quality. According to the BBC and Public Space, television quality is a priority. In March 2010, the BBC’s executives published the proposals that were meant to increase efficiency and ensure quality by restricting new online activities (Potschka, 2012 p.25). The collaboration between the HBO and BBC enhanced their reputation of producing quality programs. This has been beneficial in helping HBO consolidate its market position. HBO has experienced several successes when producing programs such as The Sopranos, Sex and the City, and the Six Feet Under. However, it is having trouble maintaining its success due to the changing nature of the television industry. They have developed a creative approach that will enable them to improve the success of their television programs. The approach in the post network has been characterized by high-production values, artistic integrity and risk-taking process that are highly creative (Akass, 2007p. 62). The famous HBO program, The Sopranos has been analyzed based on the industrial factor s. Since it is a gangster television program, it usually exists in the form of a pre-sold television program. It has prompted researchers and scholars to analyze it in terms of branding (Jaramillo, 2007 p. 594). For the quality brand of The Sopranos to be established, HBO has differentiated its merchandise from the

Political Socialization Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Political Socialization - Thesis Example In addition, information from mass media becomes the basis of their political attitudes (Janda et al. 106). Mass media influence public opinion through priming, agenda setting, and framing of news (Harris and Tichenor 267). Wolfsfeld reiterated that agenda setting delves into the relationship between public agenda and media agenda. Meanwhile, priming explores the consequences or effects of modifying public agenda (104). Geer et al. noted that framing reflects medias ability to change the publics perception or view on an issue through presenting it in a certain manner (232). Mass media serve as the influential agents of political socialization (qtd. in Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt 193). This paper explains how mass media shape individual beliefs, attitudes, and values relating to the political system of the U.S through agenda setting, priming and framing. The first section explores how agenda setting influences the political views of the public as well as their perceptions of policy and campaigns while section two concentrates on the influence of priming on the evaluation of political leaders, voter turnout and partisanship. Lastly, section three outlines the influence of framing on public perceptions, mobilization, and how people think about the issues. Agenda-setting is based on the proposition that media influenced public agenda through choosing particular topics for news coverage. This consequently determines which issues are perceived by the public as important (Bryant and Oliver 229). The decision of journalists, on which issues or events to cover, significantly matters as there are numerous stories available on a day to day basis. In addition, politicians attempt to convince media to highlight some stories and ignore others (Geer et al. 231). Donald Shaw and Maxwell McCombs concentrated on agenda setting in media coverage during 1968 presidential campaign and the study showed that voters put importance to issues in a manner that

Marketing - Santa Fe Grill analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing - Santa Fe Grill analysis - Essay Example tors that influence the clients decision to dine either at Santa Fe Grill or Joses Southwestern Cafà ©, (2) the features that customers associate each of the restaurants with, (3) the geographic and demographic description of the clients, the impact of advertising, willingness to refer their friends to the restaurant or even return to their restaurant of choice as well as their degree of satisfaction. Summary statistics, univariate and other statistical tests were conducted and results presented in the following sections. Table 1 shows the summary statistics for the responses obtained for this question. Majority of the respondents interviewed with regard to Joses Southwestern Cafà © occasionally ate there (38.2%) while for Santa Fe Grill majority of the respondents ate there somewhat frequently. Tabulation of the frequency at which respondents ate at each of the two restaurants is provided in table 1 below. Regarding whether the respondents perceived the prices at either Santa Fe Grill or Jose’s Southwestern Cafà © to be reasonable, a seven point likert scale response was used from which the results indicated that on average, the respondents in both restaurants were indifferent about the pricing (Average for this response was 4). Further tests were conducted on how much they agreed with the pricing (6 on the likert scale). Results from an independent sample t-test (table2) indicated that for both restaurant, the customers agreed with the pricing. Table 3 shows results of a cross tabulation of the respondents’ gender versus whether they recall seeing an advertisement in the past 60 days. Majority of those who could not recall seeing an advertisement in the past 60 days were males (68.80%). However, for the respondents who could recall seeing an advertisement in the past 60 days, 73.3% were males. We therefore conclude that more males recalled seeing an advertisement as compared to those that did not see it, while for females a higher number of female could not

Political Socialization Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Political Socialization - Thesis Example In addition, information from mass media becomes the basis of their political attitudes (Janda et al. 106). Mass media influence public opinion through priming, agenda setting, and framing of news (Harris and Tichenor 267). Wolfsfeld reiterated that agenda setting delves into the relationship between public agenda and media agenda. Meanwhile, priming explores the consequences or effects of modifying public agenda (104). Geer et al. noted that framing reflects medias ability to change the publics perception or view on an issue through presenting it in a certain manner (232). Mass media serve as the influential agents of political socialization (qtd. in Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt 193). This paper explains how mass media shape individual beliefs, attitudes, and values relating to the political system of the U.S through agenda setting, priming and framing. The first section explores how agenda setting influences the political views of the public as well as their perceptions of policy and campaigns while section two concentrates on the influence of priming on the evaluation of political leaders, voter turnout and partisanship. Lastly, section three outlines the influence of framing on public perceptions, mobilization, and how people think about the issues. Agenda-setting is based on the proposition that media influenced public agenda through choosing particular topics for news coverage. This consequently determines which issues are perceived by the public as important (Bryant and Oliver 229). The decision of journalists, on which issues or events to cover, significantly matters as there are numerous stories available on a day to day basis. In addition, politicians attempt to convince media to highlight some stories and ignore others (Geer et al. 231). Donald Shaw and Maxwell McCombs concentrated on agenda setting in media coverage during 1968 presidential campaign and the study showed that voters put importance to issues in a manner that

The Flow of Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Flow of Communication - Essay Example There are five types of messages that are most often communicated in the field of criminal justice. The list of five messages that are used include an email /memo, Letters, Reports; telephone Call, Personal Visit or email; long Memorandum reports with Visual Aids; Personal Visit or Telephone Call, Memorandum or Letter (McConnel 1993, pp. 44-45). The message type including email /memo, Letters, Reports depend on if the message requires a written record or not. The second factor is the requirement of an immediate feedback of the message, if so than the second category of telephone call; personal visit or an email is selected (Dean 1961, pp 12-16). The third important factor that is seen is the requirement of careful organization and supporting documentation, certification or credentials that may accompany the message; if so; long memorandum or reports with visual aids are generally selected. How urgent is the message is an important factor to be regarded when it comes to message types so considering the urgency, personal visit or telephone call; memorandum or a letter is taken into account (Arnold et al 1983, pp 34-35) The flow chart that has been given to us has to be taken into account if we are to discuss the ways in which the messages are communicated in many differ... This flow chart shows us the basic model of the communication of the messages (McConnell 1993, pp 12-13). When one has to communicate with the other person, a certain message has to be composed and sent to the other person. Thus the person composing the message and sending it is the "sender"; having an idea regarding the content of the message. The message is composed mentally therefore shaping up the idea, that idea has to be converted to a message of any form, whether it is the email or the report or a telephone call; keeping in mind all the factors that have been discussed above. The idea is converted into a message; thereby the message is encoded (King 1992, pp 23-25). The chosen channel of the message; as it depends upon the underlying factors; is sent to the receiver of the message. If it is the email, it will be sent through the available web services and so on. The receiver receives the message through the respective channel and the receiver decodes/opens the message. With the message there may be some additional feedback that awaits the receiver, so the sender may send the receiver some additional message that is received. The message that has been sent to the receiver might even require a reply of some sort; thereby the receiver may send a feedback to the sender (Adair 1997, pp 32-35). The whole communication cycle is a step-by-step formation of an organized channel of how the message is composed, thought over and sent to the receiver. In the beginning of it all, the message is just an idea. The idea is converted to an encoded message; decoded by the receiver. It all depends on the factors that underly the message that the channel of the massage is to be selected. The receiver always comes in

Higher education Essay Example for Free

Higher education Essay Discussion of aim of education is a function of the philosophy of education or educational theory. The aim of education in the fullest and deepest sense of the word is in keeping with the nature of the human personality or human nature. Human nature is defined in terms of the cultivation and development of perceptive intelligence based on experience i. e. creative intelligence. Creative intelligence or intuition combines reason of understanding with wisdom of compassion depends on human awakening or enlightenment. aim of education is to cultivate creative intelligence required for adaptation to changes in the social environment i. e. adaptability. Life is very complex and complicated. But an aim in life can make the complex life simple and purposeful. Aims give us direction to work and without aim, destination, or objective life becomes incomplete and haphazard. Individual has different interests, attitudes and needs. Every individual wants to achieve certain goals in life. But a clear-cut aim makes the road of life easy. Educational aims are varied. They have their different role in different fields. Some specific aims are listed below: (i) Knowledge Aim: The aim of education is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes. It helps to adjust properly in one’s own environment. Knowledge helps the man to overcome the nature and satisfy human wants. It links the teacher and taught with social situation. It helps with certain skills to live in a society as human being and civilized one. Philosophers and educationists of the world believe in knowledge. It is the valuable asset of life, which helps the individual to overcome misery and problems of life. (ii) Vocational Aim: Knowledge aim of education is narrow by nature. The theoretical knowledge will never meet our basic needs of life. We need bread and butter to fill up our belly. We can get it if education is vocationalised. Gandhiji realized it in 1937 when he introduced Basic Education. Vocational aim develops the social efficiency of the individual. It reduces mental tension after completion of education. Those who are lower, intelligence in vocational education or training are a blessing for them. Realizing this aspect. Indian Education Commission (1964-66) introduces work-experience in the curriculum. (iii) Character Building Aim: The Indian concept of education believes in self-realization. Self-realization is possible through moral education. So the individual should cultivate moral virtues or values which constitute character. Swami Vivekananda said, â€Å"We want that education by which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded and by which one can stand on one’s own feet. † (iv) Complete-Living Aim: The individual has various aspects to be developed. Every aspect of the personality is reflected in various activities to be performed. Education should help the individual to fulfill the various needs and necessities of life like self-preservation, fulfilling necessities of life, rearing and bearing of children, performing civic responsibilities and utilizing his leisure time properly. Firstly, the individual must know the art of self-preservation. Secondly, education should enable to him to earn his living. Thirdly, he should know how to take care of his own children. Lastly, he must have the idea how to utilize the leisure hours properly in a profiting manner. (v) Harmonious: Development of the personality aim- Gandhiji said, â€Å"By education, I mean an all-round drawing out of the best in the child and man-body, mind and spirit. † The meaning itself indicates to develop all-round aspects of individual-physical, intellectual, social and spiritual. All these aspects of the individual should be harmoniously developed. True education is development of 3H’s instead of 3R’s. The development of Head, Heart and hand of an individual makes him happy. (vi) Democratic Aim of Education: One of the important aims and objective of education suggested by Secondary Education Commission (1952-54) is to develop the democratic citizenship. India is a democratic country. Even citizen must have to realize the duties and responsibilities carefully. So the aim of education is to train carefully the future citizens. Training should be provided to develop the following qualities of the individual. (i) Capacity for clear thinking (ii) Receptivity of new idea (iii) Clarity in speech and writing (iv) True patriotism Further the democratic aim of education develop vocational efficiency, personality and leadership quality. Indian Education Commission (1964-66) under the chairmanship of Dr. D. S. Kothari suggested the following as the aims of education in a democratic set-up. (i) Increasing productivity (ii) Developing social and national integrity (iii) Making education modernized and (iv) Cultivating of social, moral and spiritual values. Each individual teacher has an opinion about what the aim of education should be, not only in their own classroom but also in school in general. Many issues occur when differing opinions about the purpose of education collide. It is important to recognize that other people, including many of your coworkers, administrators, and your students parents might have a different point of view concerning what education should be all about. Following is a list of different aims of education that individuals might espouse. 1. Knowledge to Get By. This old school belief holds that school is important in providing students with the knowledge they need to get by in their day-to-day lives. They need to know how to read, write, and do arithmetic. Even though these core topics form the foundation of a students education, most educators today would probably not agree that this should be the extent of a students school career. 2. Knowledge of Subject Matter Being Taught The purpose of education to some teachers is to impart knowledge about the subject matter they are teaching without much thought to other classes. When taken to the extreme, these teachers focus on their own subject matter as being more important than what students are learning in other classes. For example, teachers who are unwilling to compromise their own subject matter for the good of the students can cause problems for the school at large. When the school I taught at tried to implement senior projects, we got push back from a couple of teachers who were not willing to change their lessons to include cross curricular activities. 3. Desire to Create Thoughtful Citizens. This might be considered another old school belief. However, this is held by many individuals, especially within the larger community. Students will some day be a part of a community and need the skills and mores to exist within that society as thoughtful citizens. For example, they will need to be able to vote in presidential elections. 4. To Gain Self Esteem and Confidence While the self esteem movement often gets ridiculed, we do want our students to feel confident about their learning abilities. The problem comes in with inflated self esteem not based on reality. However, this is often cited as an aim of the educational system. 5. To Learn How to Learn Learning how to learn is one of the key elements of education. Schools need to teach students how to find information they will need once they leave school. Therefore, the specific subject matter being taught is not as important for future personal success as is the ability for students to understand how to find answers for any questions and problems that might arise. 6. Lifelong Habits for Work. Many of the lessons that schools teach are necessary for success in their students future lives. As adults, they will need to be able to get to work on time, dress and behave appropriately, and get their work done in a timely manner. These lessons are reinforced on a daily basis in schools around the nation. Some individuals see this as one of the main reasons for sending students to school. 7. To Teach Students How to Live Finally, some individuals look at school in a more holistic manner. They see it as the means towards right living for the rest of their lives. Not only do students learn information in their individual subjects, but they also learn life lessons in and out of class. As previously explained, proper work etiquette is reinforced in the classroom. Further, students have to learn how to deal with others in a cooperative manner. Finally, they learn about how to learn information they might need in the future. In fact, one of the things that many business leaders cite as being necessary for future workers is the ability to work as part of a team and problem solve.